超聲波清洗機的核心工作原理，可以用一個詞來概括：空化效應。這不是什么玄乎的概念，而是一種實實在在的物理現象。

The core working principle of ultrasonic cleaning machine can be summarized in one word: cavitation effect. This is not a mysterious concept, but a tangible physical phenomenon.

當超聲波發生器產生高頻高壓電信號，通過電纜傳導給換能器后，換能器將電能轉換為同頻率的機械振動。這種振動通過清洗槽壁輻射到清洗液中，使液體中的微氣泡在聲波作用下快速形成、迅速膨脹并猛烈閉合（破滅）。氣泡破滅的瞬間，在局部產生強大的沖擊波，溫度可達數千攝氏度，壓力可達數百個大氣壓。正是這種瞬間的沖擊力，將工件表面的污垢層剝離、分散、乳化、脫落。

When the ultrasonic generator generates high-frequency and high-voltage electrical signals, which are transmitted to the transducer through cables, the transducer converts the electrical energy into mechanical vibrations of the same frequency. This vibration radiates into the cleaning solution through the cleaning tank wall, causing microbubbles in the liquid to quickly form, rapidly expand, and violently close (burst) under the action of sound waves. At the moment when the bubble bursts, a powerful shock wave is generated locally, with temperatures reaching thousands of degrees Celsius and pressures reaching hundreds of atmospheres. It is this instantaneous impact force that peels off, disperses, emulsifies, and detaches the dirt layer on the surface of the workpiece.

空化效應并非一次性作用。氣泡破滅后，新的氣泡繼續形成、膨脹、破滅，周而復始。這種反復作用產生的物理力，能滲透到污垢層與基材之間的間隙和空隙中，像剝皮一樣一層層剝離污垢。這就是所謂的“空化二次效應”。

The cavitation effect is not a one-time effect. After the bubble bursts, new bubbles continue to form, expand, and burst, repeating the cycle. The physical force generated by this repeated action can penetrate into the gaps and voids between the dirt layer and the substrate, peeling off the dirt layer by layer like peeling. This is the so-called 'cavitation secondary effect'.

除了空化效應，超聲波清洗還依賴另外兩種作用力。加速度作用使清洗液中的微小顆粒獲得出色的加速度，對工件表面產生持續撞擊。直進流作用則使清洗液在聲場中形成宏觀流動，不斷將新鮮清洗液帶到工件表面，同時將剝離的污垢帶走。

In addition to cavitation effect, ultrasonic cleaning also relies on two other forces. The acceleration effect causes tiny particles in the cleaning solution to obtain extremely high acceleration, resulting in continuous impact on the surface of the workpiece. The direct flow effect causes the cleaning solution to form a macroscopic flow in the acoustic field, continuously bringing fresh cleaning solution to the surface of the workpiece while carrying away the peeled dirt.

從設備構成來看，超聲波清洗機主要由三大部分組成。超聲波發生器是“大腦”，負責產生高頻高壓電信號。換能器是“心臟”，將電能轉換為機械振動。清洗槽是“工作臺”，承載清洗液和工件。三者缺一不可。

From the perspective of equipment composition, ultrasonic cleaning machines are mainly composed of three main parts. The ultrasonic generator is the 'brain' responsible for generating high-frequency and high-voltage electrical signals. The transducer is the 'heart' that converts electrical energy into mechanical vibration. The cleaning tank is a "workbench" that carries cleaning solution and workpieces. All three are indispensable.

頻率選擇是超聲波清洗的關鍵技術參數。工業超聲波清洗頻率通常分為低頻、中頻和高頻三種。低頻（20-40kHz）空化效應強、沖擊力大，適合清除頑固污漬和較大顆粒。中頻（40-80kHz）兼顧清洗強度與精細度，應用非常廣。高頻（80-130kHz及以上）空化泡數量呈線性增加，沖擊波更密集，能進入更小的縫隙，但單個氣泡的沖擊力較小，適合精密元件的清洗。

Frequency selection is a key technical parameter for ultrasonic cleaning. The frequency of industrial ultrasonic cleaning is usually divided into three types: low frequency, medium frequency, and high frequency. Low frequency (20-40kHz) cavitation effect is strong and has a large impact force, suitable for removing stubborn stains and larger particles. Intermediate frequency (40-80kHz) balances cleaning intensity and precision, making it the most widely used. The number of high-frequency (80-130kHz and above) cavitation bubbles increases linearly, and the shock wave becomes denser, allowing it to enter smaller gaps. However, the impact force of a single bubble is relatively small, making it suitable for cleaning precision components.

功率密度是另一個關鍵指標。功率密度越高，空化效果越強，清洗效果越好。但對于精密工件或表面光潔度要求出色的產品，過高的功率密度可能造成表面損傷，需要謹慎選擇。

Power density is another key indicator. The higher the power density, the stronger the cavitation effect and the better the cleaning effect. However, for precision workpieces or products with extremely high surface finish requirements, excessive power density may cause surface damage and requires careful selection.

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